Bitterness is symbolical of affliction, misery, and servitude (
Ex. 1:14;
Ruth 1:20;
Jer. 9:15). The Chaldeans are called the "bitter and hasty nation" (
Hab. 1:6). The "gall of bitterness" expresses a state of great wickedness (
Acts 8:23). A "root of bitterness" is a wicked person or a dangerous
sin (
Heb. 12:15).
The
Passover was to be eaten with "bitter herbs" (
Ex. 12:8;
Num. 9:11). The kind of herbs
so designated is not known. Probably they were any
bitter herbs obtainable at the place and time when the Passover was celebrated. They represented the severity of the servitude under which the people groaned; and have been regarded also as typical of the sufferings of
Christ.